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Depiction of side effects of Covid-19 vaccines in Czech television news
Zelbová, Judita ; Klabíková Rábová, Tereza (advisor) ; Křeček, Jan (referee)
This thesis focuses on how the side effects of vaccination against covid-19 were presented by media during the pandemic. The aim was to find out how the side effects were reported by Czech national television stations in their evening news programmes, what were the differences in presentation between the stations and which experts were invited to comment on the topic. The thesis primarily uses qualitative content analysis and to a lesser degree quantitative content analysis. The thesis shows that three of the four TV stations studied (ČT1, Nova and Prima) approached the presentation of the topic in a very similar way conceptually, TV Barrandov being quite different in this respect. All TV stations presented side effects on the basis of substantiated data, with an emphasis on information obtained from relevant organisations (European Medicines Agency, Czech State Institute for Drug Control) and experts (mostly epidemiologists, immunologists and physicians of various specialties). Contrary to the expectation, the coverage of the side-effects proved to be relatively marginal and only became notable in the spring of 2021, when a larger number of adverse reactions occurred with the AstraZeneca vaccine.
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Endocrine disruptors as ligands of nuclear receptors.
Tóthová, Veronika ; Pávek, Petr (advisor) ; Jirkovský, Eduard (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Veronika Tóthová Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Endocrine disruptors as ligands of nuclear receptors Endocrine disruptors are synthetic substances used in many areas of industry or agriculture that negatively affect and interfere with the functions of the endocrine system. Their negative effects have been mentioned since the beginning of the 20th century, but only recently have more attention been paid to them due to their adverse effects on the human organism and the environment. In the thesis, we summarized the mechanisms of action of the most well-known endocrine disruptors on selected nuclear receptors. Specifically, it was bisphenol A and phthalate-type compounds. From nuclear receptors, we focused on PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors), Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and Aryl androstane receptor (AHR). From the information obtained, it follows that we are in constant contact with these substances, and therefore we should devote more attention to studying their effects, because not all mechanisms of action and effects of these compounds are completely known. In this way, we could increase the safety of using these substances,...
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Oral Contraceptive Consumption in the Czech Republic
Zahradniková, Barbara ; Ťupová, Lenka (advisor) ; Dvořáčková, Simona (referee)
Title: Oral Contraceptive Consumption in the Czech Republic Author: Barbara Zahradniková, DiS. Supervisor: PharmDr. Lenka Ťupová, Ph.D. Introduction: Hormonal contraception is a group of drugs used to prevent pregnancy. In addition, it is also used in the number of other indications, such as reducing the manifestations of acne vulgaris, reducing heavy menstrual bleeding, regulating the menstrual cycle or relieving premenstrual symptoms. Objective: The aim of the diploma thesis was to analyse and evaluate the consumption of all types of hormonal contraception in the Czech Republic in the period from 2008 to 2022 using data obtained from the database of the State Institute for Drug Control (SIDC). Methods: A retrospective consumption analysis was used for the evaluation. Consumption was evaluated based on the number of packages delivered to healthcare facilities in the period between 2008-2022. The obtained data were classified according to individual ATC codes and then compared according to established parameters, e.g. type of evaluated hormonal contraception or dosage form. Results: During the monitored period, the consumption of combined contraception clearly dominated (89,62 %) over the progestagen type of contraception (10,38 %). In the case of combined hormonal contraception, the largest part...
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The role of chemotherapy, hormonal and biological treatment in breast cancer therapy
BOUCHALOVÁ, Linda
The bachelor thesis deals with the pharmacological treatment of breast cancer. Breast tumours are the most common cancer in women in the Czech Republic, therefore, in the introduction attention is paid to its incidence and mortality. Furthermore, the theo-retical part of the thesis briefly describes the basics of breast anatomy and physiology, explains the differences between benign and malignant breast tumours and also fo-cuses on the origin and diagnosis of this disease. The chapter on systemic treatment describes the main topic of the thesis - pharmacological therapy of breast cancer, inc-luding chemotherapeutic, hormonal and biological treatment. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to determine the level of patients' awareness of the possible risks of pharmacological treatment. The actual side effects of the treatment are described in the theoretical part of the thesis.
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Radiotherapy and skin care
NOVÁKOVÁ, Karolína
The bachelor thesis on the topic "Radiotherapy and skin care" deals with the adverse effects of ionizing radiation on the skin in the context of radiotherapy and how to care for the irradiated skin in terms of prevention of these adverse effects. The aim of the thesis was to describe the principle of radiotherapy and its effect on the human body, especially on irradiated areas of the skin, which may be more susceptible to adverse effects. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts and is divided into 6 chapters. The theoretical part focuses on the principles of radiotherapy, the adverse effects of ionizing radiation, specifically the adverse effects on irradiated skin and the possibilities of skin care. The practical part of the thesis deals with a questionnaire survey. The research design of the thesis was carried out by means of a questionnaire survey among cancer patients. The questionnaire was designed in a semi-structured form and then statistically processed. The results obtained from the questionnaire survey provide information on the level of awareness of cancer patients about the side effects of radiotherapy, their correct or sufficient instruction about the side effects, and their knowledge of proper care of irradiated skin to prevent radiation damage or to mitigate the effects of adverse effects on irradiated skin. The results of this work can be used as study material for radiology assistants and medical students to add to their professional knowledge of the effects of radiotherapy on the skin, or can also serve to streamline the process of providing information on the care of irradiated skin.
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Caring for blood cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy
BAIERLOVÁ, Angélique
The basic haemato-oncological diseases include leukaemia, malignant lymphomas, myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic syndrome. The treatment of these diseases is most often carried out with the help of chemotherapy, which, in addition to its therapeutic effect, also has a number of side effects that may reduce the patient's quality of life. During treatment, the role of the nurse is important, ensuring the safe application of chemotherapy, caring for venous access, monitoring the side effects of treatment and participating in patient education. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to find out the specifics of nursing care of a haemato-oncological patient during chemotherapy. The practical part was processed using a qualitative research survey. The first research group consisted of six nurses working in an oncology centre or inpatient department. The second research group consisted of six haemato-oncological patients undergoing chemotherapy. The semi-structured interview became the technique of data collection. The results of the research show that the nurses treat long-term venous accesses insufficiently. Problems were also found in the treatment of extravasations and in the application of the cytostatic drug itself. The results also showed that nurses do not use the right protective equipment when handling cytostatics. Another negative finding was that patients did not have enough information about the prevention of the side effects of chemotherapy and did not have sufficient psychological support from the nurses. Nevertheless, they evaluate the provided care positively. Based on the results, an information brochure designed for haemato-oncological patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment was designed as part of the thesis.
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Application of chemotherapy with use of elastomeric infusors
JANOŠŤÁKOVÁ, Kateřina
Current situation: Oncology is a branch of medicine that focuses on research, diagnosis and treatment of the tumour disease. This Bachelor thesis looks into application of chemotherapy using the elastomeric infusor. The theoretical part focuses on tumour diagnosis, oncology treatment, undesirable side effects of chemotherapy, venous cannulations in oncology, and on the elastomeric infusor. Objectives of the thesis: 1. To learn about practical experience of medical staff with care of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment using elastomeric infusors. 2. To learn about the role of nurses who take care of patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment using elastomeric infusors. 3. To learn about experience of patients with chemotherapy treatment using elastomeric infusors. Methodology: The survey method and the technique of data collection in form of a half-structured interview were used in the research part of the Bachelor thesis, and the informants were selected deliberately. Analysis of the collected data was processed using the pencil-paper method, the so called coding. Research group: The research group consisted of 4 doctors and 6 nurses who work at oncology wards, and 4 patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment using elastomeric infusion. Results of the thesis: The results affirm good experience of informants with the elastomeric infusor. The medical staff apply this form of treatment several times a week and it is only possible to be applied into the port or the PICC. Patients are instructed about manipulation with the infusor. They are content that they can spend the time while using the infusor in the domestic environment. The nurse applies the treatment and when the application is finished, she disconnects the infusor. The nurse covers and fixates the needle to the port. Documentary evidence of each needle insertion into the port is provided in a special notebook. The needle mark is observed by the nurse and after the application, the port is flushed with solution in accordance with the practice of the ward. Practical use: The results collected in the research survey can be used as the potential study material for nurses in clinical practice and for students of nursing care.
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Methods for Predicting Drug Side Effects in Silico
Cicková, Pavlína ; Lexa,, Matej (referee) ; Berka,, Karel (referee) ; Provazník, Ivo (advisor)
Vývoj a výzkum léčiv je oblastí současné vědy, jejíž nedílnou součástí je i využití výpočetních metod. Z důvodu nákladnosti a časové náročnosti laboratorních přístupů, metody in silico sehrávají svou významnou roli. I přes rychlý vývoj výpočetních technik využívaných při vývoji léků, však není drtivá většina zkoumaných molekul v procesu vývoje úspěšná a do schvalovací fáze nepostoupí. Nejen proto se nejmodernější strategie návrhu potenciálních nových léčiv zaměřují na opětovné zkoumání již schválených léků a berou do úvahy i analýzu podobností. Tato práce popisuje vývoj a aplikaci souboru několika workflow, jež byl vytvořen v rámci analytické platformy KNIME a jež implementuje metody strojového učení za účelem predikce nežádoucích účinků léčiv. Součástí prezentovaných workflow je získání dat, jejich předzpracování, výpočet metrik podobností a provedení explorační analýzy. Následně je využito klasifikačních modelů k predikci specifických nežádoucích účinků léčiv. Tato predikce vychází z principů technik založených na podobnosti. K natrénování modelů rozhodovacích stromů pro predikci potenciální asociace nežádoucích účinků s léčivy byly využity strukturní a jiné podobnosti schválených molekul léčiv. Hlavní přínos práce spočívá především v přenositelnosti použitých metod. Soubor workflow je určen k využití jako vhodný nástroj k řešení výzkumných otázek ohledně podobnosti léčiv a jelikož analytická platforma KNIME poskytuje uživatelsky přívětivé grafické rozhraní, není nutné, aby měli uživatelé pokročilé zkušenosti v oblasti strojového učení nebo programování, aby mohli soubor navržených workflow v rámci této platformy pro své analýzy využít.
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Hormonal Contraception - Users'Knowledge
Křiklánová, Jana ; Marešová, Helena (advisor) ; Pokladníková, Jitka (referee)
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION - USERS̕ KNOWLEDGE Student: Křiklánová, J. Tutor: Marešová, H. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic Introduction: Hormonal contraception is a broadly used and very reliable birth control method. Nonetheless, it is not entirely risk-free. This thesis deals with the awareness of those risks in women who are currently using hormonal contraception or have ever used it before. Aim of the thesis: The main aim was to determine the extent of the users' awareness of hormonal contraception and its risks, undesirable side effects and contraindications, as well as their source of information. Furthermore, the awareness of the environmental impact, the reasons for using hormonal contraception and user satisfaction were examined. Methodology: The research was carried out by means of online questionnaires, which were spread among current or former users of hormonal contraception regardless of age, educational background or place of residence. 148 completed questionnaires were gathered and the data which were obtained were statistically evaluated. Results: It was discovered that women feel informed (25 %) or rather informed (44,6 %) more often than uninformed; the most frequent source of information is patient...
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Pharmacogenetic prediction of tamoxifen efficiacy and adverse effects in hormonal dependent breast karcinoma patients.
Argalácsová, Soňa ; Slanař, Ondřej (advisor) ; Vrána, David (referee) ; Paluch, Zoltán (referee)
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY Background: The clinical efficacy of tamoxifen therapy may be modified by the drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporting molecules involved into the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CYP2D6, ABCB1 polymorhisms and comedication with efficacy and safety of tamoxifen treatment. Methods: Totally 258 women with hormonal positive breast carcinoma were retrospectively evaluated in relation to CYP2D6, ABCB1 polymorphisms and comedication. Results: CYP2D6 polymorphisms or co-medication affecting CYP2D6 activity demonstrated no statistically significant effect on the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy or adverse event incidence; there was only a trend towards shortening the time to event (TTE) in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. ABCB1 polymorphism rs2032582 was not associated with clinical outcomes, while a trend towards an increase of TTE in variant allele carriers was noted. The ABCB1 polymorphism rs1045642 demonstrated statistical significance in premenopausal patients (p = 0.0012, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.21 to 2.31), and its significant association was noted with gynaecological /vasomotor adverse events (p = 0.0221, HR = 1.0588), with no evidence of the influence on the incidence and onset of venous complications. Conclusions: Although this work did not show...
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